Draft of the Bibliography for My Master’s Thesis

1. PRIMARY SOURCES

Adams, John. John Adams to Jedidiah Morse, January 5, 1816. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-6564.

———. John Adams to James Burgh, December 28, 1774. Founders Online, National Archives.  https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-08-02-0221.

———. John Adams to a Friend (James Burgh?) in London, January 21, 1775. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0071.

———. John Adams to a Friend (James Burgh?) in London, February 10, 1775. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0076.

———. John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, July 27, 1807.  Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5196.

———. [Antonio Ares]. John Adams to Edward and Charles Dilly, February 20, 1780. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-08-02-0221.

———. John Adams to James McHenry, July 27, 1799. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-3810.

———. John Adams to Richard Price, May 20, 1789. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-0571.

———. John Adams to Samuel Chase, July 1, 1776. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-04-02-0142.

———. [Robert Aitken’s Bill for Books, from the Diary of John Adams], December 8, 1775. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0005-0006-0002.

———. [September 1775, from the Diary of John Adams], September 24, 1775. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0005-0003.

———. [Novanglus]. II. To the Inhabitants of the Colony of Massachusetts-Bay, January 30, 1775. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0072-0003.

Bailyn, Bernard, ed. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification. 2 vols. New York, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1993, 211.

Beccaria, Cesare. Beccaria: On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings. Edited by Richard Bellamy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. 1765-1770.

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John. Bolingbroke: Political Writings. Edited by David Armitage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Burgh, James. An Account of the First Settlement, Laws, Form of Government, and Police, of the Cessares, a People of South America.  In Utopias of the British Enlightenment, edited by Gregory Claeys, 71–136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

———. Britain's Remembrancer; or, The Danger Not Over, Being Some Thoughts on the proper Improvement of the present Juncture. The Character of this Age and Nation. A Brief View, from History, of the Effects of the Vices which now prevail in Britain, upon the greatest Empires and States of former Times. Remarkable Deliverences this nation has had in the most imminent Dangers, with suitable Reflections. Some Hints, shewing what is in the Power of the several Ranks of People, and of every Individual in Britain, to do toward securing the State from all its Enemies. London: Printed for M. Cooper, at the Globe in Paternoster-Row, 1746.

———. Crito, or Essays on Various Subjects. 2 vols. London: Printed for Messrs. Dodsley in Pall-Mall; Becket and De Handt, in the Strand; White, in Fleet-Street; Payne, in Paternoster-Row; and Cooke, near the Royal Exchange, 1766-1767.

———. Political Disquisitions; or, An Enquiry into Public Errors, Defects, and Abuses. Illustrated by, and established upon Facts and Remarks extracted from a Variety of Authors, ancient and modern. Calculated to draw the timely Attention of Government and People, to a due consideration of the Necessity, and the Means, of Reforming those Errors, Defects, and Abuses; of Restoring the Constitution, and Saving the State. 3 vols. London: Printed for C. and E. Dilly in the Poultry, 1774-1775.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius. On the Commonwealth; and, On the Laws. Edited by James E. G. Zetzel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

———. On Duties. Edited by M. T. Griffin and E. M. Atkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

———. Selected Political Speeches. Translated by Michael Grant. London: Penguin Books, 1989.

Dilly, Edward. Edward Dilly to John Adams, March 4, 1774. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0005.

———. Edward Dilly to John Adams, September 24, 1774. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0049.

———. Edward Dilly to John Adams, January 13, 1775. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-02-02-0069.

Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin to John Canton, March 14, 1764. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-11-02-0024.

———. Benjamin Franklin to Richard Price, June 13, 1782.  Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-37-02-0299.

———. Benjamin Franklin to Charles Thomas and Thomas Mifflin, January 27, 1769. Founders Online, National Archives.  https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-16-02-0014.

———. Poor Richard Improved, 1753. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-04-02-0148.

———. Poor Richard Improved, 1754. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-05-02-0051.

Franklin, Benjamin, and James Burgh (?). Benjamin Franklin's Letters to the Press, 1758-1775. Edited by Verner Winslow Crane. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1950, 60, 62, 167, 168, n. 1, 180, n. 1, 194-195, 196, n. 3, 206, n. 6, 255, 284-287.

———. The Colonist’s Advocate: I, January 4, 1770. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-17-02-0003.

———. The Colonist’s Advocate: IV, January 15, 1770. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-17-02-0013.

———. The Colonist’s Advocate: VIII, February 5, 1770. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-17-02-0026.

Hamilton, Alexander, John Jay, and James Madison. The Essential Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers. New York, New York: Classic Books America, 2009.

Harrington, James. The Commonwealth of Oceana and A System of Politics. Edited by J. G. A. Pocock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds, Interpretations. Edited by Richard E. Flathman and David Johnston. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.

Hume, David. Hume: Political Essays. Edited by Knud Haakonssen. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Illick, Joseph E., ed. America and England, 1558-1776. New York, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, 260-275.

Jefferson, Thomas. A Course of Reading for Joseph C. Cabell, September, 1800. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-32-02-0110.

———. Course of Reading for William G. Munford, December 5, 1798. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-30-02-0405.

———. Thomas Jefferson to Abraham Baldwin, Enclosing List of Books for the Library of Congress, April 14, 1802. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-37-02-0195-0002.

———. Thomas Jefferson to William Duane, With Enclosures, July 16, 1802. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-38-02-0071-0003.

———. Thomas Jefferson to John Minor, August 30, 1814, Including Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Moore, [ca. 1773?]. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-07-02-0455.

———. Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr, May 30, 1790. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-16-02-0264.

Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, ed. Worthington C. Ford et al. (Washington, D.C., 1904-37), 24: 83-92

Kippis, Andrew. “Burgh (James), Moral and Political Writer.” In Biographia Britannica: or, The Lives of the Most Eminent Persons Who Have Flourished in Great Britain and Ireland, from the Earliest Ages, Down to the Present Time, III: 14–16. London: Printed by W. and A. Strahan, for C. Bathurst, W. Strahan, John Rivington and Sons, 1784.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution. Carmel, Indiana: Liberty Fund, 2000, ch. 2, no. 6; ch. 13, no. 8; ch, 17, no. 15; 1.8.12, no. 4; Amend, I (speech), no. 5.

Locke, John. The Selected Political Writings of John Locke: Texts, Background Selections, Sources, Interpretations. Edited by Paul E. Sigmund. New York, New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.

Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Essential Writings of Machiavelli. Edited by Peter Constantine. New York, New York: Modern Library, 2007.

Madison, James. Additional Memorandums on Ancient and Modern Confederacies, November 30, 1787. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-10-02-0183.

———. The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787: Which Framed the Constitution of the United States of America. Edited by Gaillard Hunt and James Brown Scott. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2007.

———. Report on Books for Congress, January 23, 1783. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-06-02-0031.

———. Writings. Edited by Jack N. Rakove. New York, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1999, 324.

Milton, John. Milton: Political Writings. Edited by Martin Dzelzainis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat. Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws. Edited by Basia C. Miller, Harold S. Stone, and Anne M. Cohler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Paine, Thomas. Collected Writings. Edited by Eric Foner. New York, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 2009, 45.

Plato. The Great Dialogues of Plato. Edited by Eric H. Warmington and Philip G. Rouse. Translated by W. H. D. Rouse. New York, New York: Mentor Books, 1956.

Priestley, Joseph. Priestley: Political Writings. Edited by Peter Miller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, xiv, xvi, xviii.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Rousseau's Political Writings: Discourse on Inequality, Discourse on Political Economy, On Social Contract. Edited by Alan Ritter and Julia Conaway Bondanella. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988.

Thaxter, John. John Thaxter to Abigail Adams, September 20, 1780. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-03-02-0306.

Trenchard, John, and Thomas Gordon. Cato's Letters, or, Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects. Edited by Ronald Hamowy. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund, 1995.

Voltaire. Voltaire: Political Writings. Edited by David Williams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Warren, Mercy Otis. Mercy Otis Warren to John Adams, March 10, 1776. Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-04-02-0019.

 

2. SECONDARY SOURCES: BOOKS

Adams, Randolph G. Political Ideas of the American Revolution: Britannic-American Contributions to the Problem of Imperial Organization, 1765 to 1775. 3rd ed. New York, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969, 184, 204.

Bailyn, Bernard. Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 1992, 190, 241.

———.  The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Enlarged ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992, 40-41, 132, 86-87, 344.

———. The Origins of American Politics. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 1968.

Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990, 60-62, 64.

———. The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Black, Eugene Charlton. The Association: British Extraparliamentary Political Organization 1769-1793. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963, 29, 35, 193.

Bonwick, Colin. English Radicals and the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1977, 8, 19, 22, 30-31, 65, 75-76, 82, 119, 121, 134, 145-146, 284 n. 33.

Brewer, John. Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III. Cambridge:                Cambridge University Press, 1981, 20, 214.

Burgess, Glenn, and Matthew Festenstein, eds. English Radicalism, 1550–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, 17–18, 30, 118, 146.

Butterfield, H. George III, Lord North, and the People, 1779 - 80. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1949, 259-267, 280, 282, 346, 349.

 Christie, Ian R. Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics 1760-1785. Aldershot: Gregg Revivals, 1994, 52-57, 64, 73, 107, 146, 186, 223.

Coffee, Alan. “Mary Wollstonecraft, Public Reason, and the Virtuous Republic.” In The Social and Political Philosophy of Mary Wollstonecraft, edited by Sandrine Berges and Alan Coffee, 183–200. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Colbourn, Trevor. The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund, 1998, passim.

Cone, Carl B. The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England. New York, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968, 8, 48-50, 52, 54-55, 165.

Foner, Eric. Tom Paine and Revolutionary America. Updated ed. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, 7, 9-19.

Fruchtman, Jack. Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom. New York, New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996.

———. The Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

Gilbert, Felix. The Beginnings of American Foreign Policy: to the Farewell Address. New York, New York: Harper & Row, 1965, 35-36.

Goodwin, George. Benjamin Franklin in London: The British Life of America’s Founding Father. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2016, 56, 97-99.

Guttridge, G. H. English Whiggism and the American Revolution. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1966, 103.

Harrison, Wilfrid. Conflict and Compromise: History of British Political Thought, 1593-1900. New York, New York: The Free Press, 1965, 123-126.

Hay, Carla H. James Burgh: Spokesman for Reform in Hanoverian England. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1979.

Ihalainen, Pasi. Agents of the People: Democracy and Popular Sovereignty in British and Swedish Parliamentary and Public Debates, 1734-1800 (Studies in the History of Political Thought, v. 4). Leiden: Brill, 2010, 249-250, 485.

Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1990.

Kramnick, Isaac. Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

———. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990, passim.

Langford, Paul. A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727-1783. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, 441, 530, 553, 643, 720.

Lynd, Staughton. Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 24-28, 32, 35-36, 46, 48, 68-69, 71, 104.

Main, Jackson Turner. The Anti-Federalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1961, 8-14, 19, 77.

Mason, Alpheus Thomas, ed. The States Rights Debate. Antifederalism and the Constitution. 2^nd ed. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, 11.

McDonald, Forrest. The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1976, 19, 161.

Meacham, Jon. Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. New York, New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2013, 89.

Morgan, Edmund S., and Helen M. Morgan. The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1953, 1995.

Nelson, Craig. Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations. New York, New York: Penguin Books, 2007, 83.

Pocock, J. G. A. The Machiavellian Moment, the: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. 2nd paperback ed. Princeton, New York: Princeton University Press, 2003, 528.

———. Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 257, 260-261.

Pole, J. R. Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1971, 429, 438, 451-452, 465-466, 489.

Rahe, Paul A. Republics Ancient and Modern, Volume I: The Ancien Régime in Classical Greece. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

———. Republics Ancient and Modern, Volume II: New Modes and Orders in Early Modern Political Thought. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994, 533.

———. Republics Ancient and Modern: Volume III, Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994, 61, 247, 471.

Robbins, Caroline. The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund, (1959) 2004, 8, 16, 32, 174, 189, 205, 264, 272, 275, 317, 322, 328, 349, 355-360, 362, 367.

Sheehan, Colleen A. James Madison and the Spirit of Republican Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Sheldon, Garrett Ward. The Political Philosophy of James Madison. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

———. The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Stephen, Leslie, ed. “Burgh, James (1714-1775).” In The Dictionary of National Biography, III. London: Oxford University Press, 1921-1922.

Storing, Herbert J. What the Anti-Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of the Opponents of the Constitution. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1981, 39-40, 94 n. 24.

Toohey, Robert E. Liberty and Empire: British Radical Solutions to the American Problem, 1774-1776. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1978, passim.

Wood, Gordon S. The Creation of the American Republic: 1776-1787. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1998, 16, 21, 23, 36, 56, 127, 129, 165, 168, 172, 200, 206, 292, 311, 323, 371, 443.

Zuckert, Michael P. Natural Rights and the New Republicanism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994, 163, 298.

 

3. SECONDARY SOURCES: ARTICLES, LECTURES, AND DISSERTATIONS

Adair, Douglass. “The New Jefferson.” Review of Jefferson Himself: The Personal Narrative of a Many-Sided American, by Bernard Mayo, The Complete Jefferson: Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except His Letters, by Saul K. Padover, and The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, by Adrienne Koch. The William and Mary Quarterly 3, no. 1. Third Series, (January 1946): 123–33.

———. “Rumbold's Dying Speech, 1685, and Jefferson's Last Words on Democracy, 1826.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 9, no. 4 (October 1952): 521–31.

Adams, W. Paul. “Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776.” Political Science Quarterly 85, no. 3 (September 1970): 397–421.

Aldridge, A. Owen. “Paine and Dickinson.” Early American Literature 11, no. 2 (Fall, 1976): 125–38.

Appleby, Joyce. “The Social Origins of American Revolutionary Ideology.” The Journal of American History 64, no. 4 (March 1978): 935–58.

———. “What Is Still American in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson?” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 39, no. 2 (April 1982): 287–309.

Armitage, David. “A Patriot for Whom? The Afterlives of Bolingbroke's Patriot King.” Journal of British Studies 36, no. 4 (October 1997): 397–418.

Banning, Lance. “Jeffersonian Ideology Revisited: Liberal and Classical Ideas in the New American Republic.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 43, no. 1 (January 1986): 3–19.

Barker-Benfield, G. J. “Mary Wollstonecraft: Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthwoman.” Journal of the History of Ideas 50, no. 1 (Jan.- Mar. 1989): 95–115.

Blakey, Robert. Review of James Burgh: Spokesman for Reform in Hanoverian England, by Carla H. Hay. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 11, no. 4, (Winter, 1979): 390–91.

Bonwick, C. C. “An English Audience for American Revolutionary Pamphlets.” The Historical Journal 19, no. 2 (June 1976): 355–74.

Bourne, Edward Gaylord. “The Authorship of the Federalist.” The American Historical Review 2, no. 3 (April 1897): 443–60.

Brewer, John. “Party and the Double Cabinet: Two Facets of Burke's Thoughts.” The Historical Journal 14, no. 3 (September 1971): 479–501.

Butterfield, H. “The Yorkshire Association and the Crisis of 1779–80.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fourth Series, 29 (1947): 69–91.

Christie, Ian R. Review of James Burgh, Spokesman for Reform in Hanoverian England, by Carla Hay. The English Historical Review 97, no. 382 (Jan. 1982): 199.

Claeys, Gregory. “The Origins of the Rights of Labor: Republicanism, Commerce, and the Construction of Modern Social Theory in Britain, 1796-1805.” The Journal of Modern History 66, no. 2 (June 1994): 249–90.

Colbourn, H. Trevor. “John Dickinson, Historical Revolutionary.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 83, no. 3 (July 1959): 271–92.

———. “The Reading of Joseph Carrington Cabell: ‘A List of Books on Various Subjects Recommended to a Young Man . . .. ‘.” Studies in Bibliography 13 (1960): 179–88.

———. “Thomas Jefferson's Use of the Past.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 15, no. 1 (January 1958): 56–70.

Cone, Carl B. “Newington Green: A Study of a Dissenting Community.” The Catholic Historical Review 54, no. 1 (April 1968): 1–16.

Conlin, Jonathan. “Wilkes, the Chevalier D'Eon and ‘the Dregs of Liberty’: An Anglo-French Perspective on Ministerial Despotism, 1762–1771.” The English Historical Review 120, no. 489 (December 1, 2005): 1251–88.

Cornell, Saul. “A New Paradigm for the Second Amendment.” Law and History Review 22, no. 1 (Spring, 2004): 161–67.

Crane, Elaine Forman. “Political Dialogue and the Spring of Abigail's Discontent.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 56, no. 4 (October 1999): 745–74.

Crane, Verner W. “The Club of Honest Whigs: Friends of Science and Liberty.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 23, no. 2 (April 1966): 210–33.

Cress, Lawrence Delbert. “An Armed Community: The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms.” The Journal of American History 71, no. 1 (June 1984): 22–42.

———. “Radical Whiggery on the Role of the Military: Ideological Roots of the American Revolutionary Militia.” Journal of the History of Ideas 40, no. 1 (Jan. – Mar. 1979): 43–60.

D'Elia, Donald J. “Benjamin Rush: Philosopher of the American Revolution.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 64, no. 5 (1974): 1–113.

Dreisbach, Daniel L. “Thomas Jefferson and the Danbury Baptists Revisited.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 56, no. 4 (October 1999): 805–16.

Farrell, James M. “New England's Cicero: John Adams and the Rhetoric of Conspiracy.” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, 104 (1992): 55–72.

Fox, Vivian. “Deviance in Some English Utopias, Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 2, no. 2 (Spring/Summer, 1975): 14–19.

Frech, Laura P. “The Republicanism of Henry Laurens.” The South Carolina Historical Magazine 76, no. 2 (April 1975): 68–79.

Fruchtman, Jack. “The Apocalyptic Politics of Richard Price and Joseph Priestley: A Study in Late Eighteenth-Century English Republican Millennialism.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 73, no. 4 (1983): 1–125.

Gilbert, Felix. “The English Background of American Isolationism in the Eighteenth Century.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 1, no. 2 (April 1944): 138–60.

Gossman, Norbert J. “The Origins of Modern British Radicalism: The Case for the Eighteenth Century.” Newsletter: European Labor and Working Class History 7 (May 1975): 19–23.

Hampsher-Monk, Iain. “Civic Humanism and Parliamentary Reform: The Case of the Society of the Friends of the People.” Journal of British Studies 18, no. 2 (Spring, 1979): 70–89.

Handlin, Oscar, and Mary Handlin. “James Burgh and American Revolutionary Theory.” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, 73 (1961): 38–57.

Hans, Nicholas. “Franklin, Jefferson, and the English Radicals at the End of the Eighteenth Century.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98, no. 6 (December 23, 1954): 406–26.

Harris, Bob. “‘American Idols’: Empire, War and The Middling Ranks in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain.” Past & Present 150 (February 1996): 111–41.

Hay, Carla H. “Benjamin Franklin, James Burgh, and the Authorship of ‘The Colonist's Advocate’ Letters.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 32, no. 1 (January 1975): 111–24.

———.  “The Making of a Radical: The Case of James Burgh.” Journal of British Studies 18, no. 2 (Spring, 1979): 90–117.

Hicks, Philip. “Catharine Macaulay's Civil War: Gender, History, and Republicanism in Georgian Britain.” Journal of British Studies 41, no. 2 (April 2002): 170–98.

———.  “The Roman Matron in Britain: Female Political Influence and Republican Response, ca. 1750–1800.” The Journal of Modern History 77, no. 1 (March 2005): 35–69.

Hutson, James H. “Country, Court, and Constitution: Antifederalism and the Historians.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 38, no. 3 (July 1981): 337–68.

Kaufmann, Eric. “American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the ‘Universal’ Nation, 1776–1850.” Journal of American Studies 33, no. 3 (December 1999): 437–57.

Konig, David Thomas. “The Second Amendment: A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of ‘the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms.’” Law and History Review 22, no. 1 (Spring, 2004): 119–59.

Kramnick, Isaac. “Eighteenth-Century Science and Radical Social Theory: The Case of Joseph Priestley's Scientific Liberalism.” Journal of British Studies 25, no. 1 (Jan. 1986):  1-30.

———. “The ‘Great National Discussion’: The Discourse of Politics in 1787.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 45, no. 1 (Jan. 1988): 3–32.

———. “Religion and Radicalism: English Political Theory in the Age of Revolution.” Political Theory 5, no. 4 (November 1977): 505–34.

———. “Republican Revisionism Revisited.” The American Historical Review 87, no. 3 (June 1982): 629–64.

———. “Republicanism Revisited: The Case of James Burgh.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 102, no. 1 (April 1992): 81–98.

Kramnick, Isaac, and R. Laurence Moore. “The Baptists, the Bureau, and the Case of the Missing Lines.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 56, no. 4 (October 1999): 817–22.

Laprade, W. T. Review of George III, Lord North, and the People, 1779-1780, by H. Butterfield. The American Historical Review 56, no. 2 (January 1951): 340–41.

Levering, David Lee. “James Burgh: Moralist and Reformer.” PhD diss. Claremont Graduate School, 1974.

Levinson, Sanford. “The Embarrassing Second Amendment.” The Yale Law Journal 99, no. 3 (December 1989): 637–59.

Lienesch, Michael. “Historical Theory and Political Reform: Two Perspectives on Confederation Politics.” The Review of Politics 45, no. 1 (January 1983): 94–115.

Lofgren, Charles A. “War-Making under the Constitution: The Original Understanding.” The Yale Law Journal 81, no. 4 (March 1972): 672–702.

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Shakespeare's Henry V and Political Leadership

Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2, and Henry V were written by Shakespeare between 1596 and 1599 in historical chronological order and published close together in time.  Falstaff, Bardolf, Pistol, Mistress Quickley, and the brothers to Henry V appear or are mentioned in all three plays, and their character remains consistent.  However, Prince Hal – afterward referred to here as Henry V – does change radically, and this paper will be about his transformation from wanton youth to a heroic leader.                      

At the beginning of Henry IV, Part I, Henry V is viewed by the king, and presumably others, as full of "riot and dishonor," so despised by his father that he wishes the rebel Thomas Percy was his son (Henry IV, Part 1 I. i.83-89). His father thinks the prince is revenge from God for some past wrong he has done and even believes he's capable of treason. He has been replaced by his brother in his official duties and appears little at court (Henry IV, Part 1 III. ii ). At this point, it seems not just that Henry will be a bad king but will not become king at all.

However, in Henry V's first soliloquy, in Act I, which is a prophecy in the play and a historical fact of the past for us, we are told what will inevitably happen:

So when this loose behavior I throw off            
And pay the debt I never promised,            
By how much better than my word I am,            
By so much shall I falsify men's hopes;            
And, like bright metal on a sullen ground,
My reformation, glitt'ring o'er my fault,            
Shall show more goodly and attract  more eyes
Than that which hath no foil to set it off.            
I'll so offend to make offense a skill,            
Redeeming time when men think least I will.          
(Henry IV, Part 1 I.ii.212-221)

This sets up a dramatic irony for anybody who knows the biography of Henry V, which Shakespeare's audience certainly would have, and this irony is there from the first act of Henry IV, Part 1 through the final act of Henry IV Part 2, with its perhaps overly cruel rejection of Falstaff.  We know that Henry V will emerge as a noble leader but are still fascinated about how this transformation will occur.            

I would like to argue here something I think is an important point but which has not been emphasized in any of the commentaries I've read. Henry's seemingly dissolute life in the first two plays is not completely wasted, but rather Henry V learns a great deal from that time that benefits him as a leader in the final play.            

In the first act of the first play, Henry V paraphrases Proverbs: ". . . for wisdom cries out in the streets, and no man regards it."   (Henry IV, Part 1 I.ii. 92-93).  Henry does regard it.  He spends a lot of time with what we would call today "the average man or woman on the street."  He spends time with low-ranked soldiers, bar-keepers, waiters, ostlers, servants, prostitutes, barflies, porters, and beat cops.            

Henry V does pull rank with this group on several occasions, but he has a remarkably egalitarian attitude for someone raised to rule at the top of a strictly hierarchical political system. There are often complaints that leaders are out of touch with the average person. This cannot be said of Henry V, and a wide acquaintance with different types of citizens causes a broad view and empathy and sympathy with a variety of people.     

Spending time with common soldiers has an obvious advantage, and although today in the United States, every general started as a lower-ranked officer, it would have been very unusual at the time for a member of the nobility to mix so much with commoners. He would have learned how the average soldiers thought, understood their motivations, the importance of the morale of the common soldier, and these realizations inform the St. Crispin's day speech, where he successfully reduces the fear of the troops. In the night before the battle of Agincourt, as the French nobles talk amongst themselves, Henry V walks among his troops, "visits all his host, bids them good morrow with a modest smile and calls them brothers, friends, and countrymen."  (Henry V,  IV. Chorus. 32-34). The affectionately competitive teasing and insults he engages in with Falstaff and his other drinking companions sharpens his wit and teaches him how to use language, important traits in a leader.

The friendly prank he plays on Falstaff with the robbery, in which he entraps him in order to catch him in his lies, echoes the clever – and darkly witty – entrapment of the conspirators in Act II, Scene I of Henry V.  His friendly exchanges of insults with his friends prepare him for real enemies.  We see the advantage of this early in the third play.  When confronted with the serious mocking of the Dauphin, he is able to respond with a fearsome wit (Henry V, I.ii.).            

There is a least one character in the play who seems to fully appreciate this learning of language from his useful companions, the Earl of Warwick:            

The prince but studies his companions            
Like a strange tongue, wherein, to gain the language            
'Tis needful that the most immodest word            
Be looked upon and learned, which once attained,            
Your Highness knows, comes to no further use            
But to be known and hated.

Warwick is correct.  Henry V, in the final play, uses lofty and inspiring language, which is heard most strikingly in the "Once more into the breach, dear friends " speech in Act III, scene I, and in the St. Crispin's Day speech in Act IV of Henry V. This is a strong contrast to the sometimes bawdy exchanges between friends like Falstaff and Poins in Henry IV's parts 1 and 2.            

No discussion about Henry's extraordinary gift for language and abilities as a leader can be complete without an analysis of these speeches.  In the St. Crispin's Day speech (Henry V, Part 1. IV. I. ii. 18-67 ), expressing more optimism than he personally feels, he starts by making a virtue out of the bad situation.  The English are outnumbered, but that just means that each soldier will have a greater share of honor as if honor was something tangible and limited they will physically possess.  Henry is "not covetous for gold" - and although capturing additional territory would result in more revenue, such as taxes – he states here that he is acting from the much purer motive of honor.            

Henry V then makes a striking offer.  Any soldier who wants to leave can do so, and money will be given for his departure.  This may not be a sincere offer, but it would motivate in several ways. Since fighting requires the trust of others fighting with you, the fact that no one has, in effect, retreated before the battle would increase the trust that no other soldier in the army will retreat once the battle has begun.  An army consisting of individuals fighting from their own free will, rather than on compulsion, would also have higher morale.  The offer would also shame soldiers thinking about retreating.            

He also gives soldiers a longer view by talking about the historic nature of the battle.  No matter what happens in the battle, it will be remembered forever, passed down from son to son, and so far, this is true.            

He also makes the soldiers think about the longer view within their own lifetimes.  They will be able to celebrate this date over and over again, every year, for the rest of their lives, and will be admired by their neighbors. Wounds in this fight are then to be desired since they can be used to prove that the soldier was actually at this battle.

Their individual names will be remembered. To emphasize this, Henry V calls out names, including Talbot, who has not previously been mentioned in this play and who may be a lower-ranking soldier.   

Soldiers, no matter what their class, will increase their rank by participating.  They will all – although not literally - become ennobled and all become gentlemen. In fact, they will be nobler than the gentlemen that have stayed home who now must "hold their manhoods cheap."  They will even approach the nobility of Henry V, "for he today that sheds his blood with [him] shall be [his] brother." His egalitarian nature, as discussed earlier in this essay, gives this remarkable claim some credibility. Henry V uses also uses rhetoric about nobility and honor at the battle of Harfleur  (Henry V,  III. I 1-34):            

. . . Let us swear     
That you are worth your breeding; which I doubt not,            
For there is none of you so mean and base            
That hath not noble lustre in your eyes.

and refers to them as "you noble English."  He makes them think of their fathers, who war-like, Alexander-like, fought in this same area and tells them to "dishonor not your mothers."            

In Henry's speech, the soldiers are transformed into a terrifying, raging, almost supernatural power. Each of them becomes as powerful as a brass cannon, as fast as a greyhound, as fierce as a tiger, and as overwhelming as a "wild and wasteful ocean," with the enemy becoming base men fit only to be taught a lesson in warfare.            

Henry V is often successful in balancing justice and mercy, an admirable trait in a leader. Henry is not as absolutist a king that he has - by law and tradition - a right to be. Before sentencing the three traitors to death, he pardons a soldier, who, while drunk, insults Henry (Henry V,  II. ii).  Michael Williams, who insults King Henry and challenges him to a duel when Henry is in disguise, would have been killed by many a monarch. Henry V instead treats it almost as a comic prank (Henry V,  IV. vii-viii), another echo we have in the final play of his younger days. Had he executed these soldiers or severely punished them, it would have been accepted by the people of England and not have surprised anybody but his close friends.   These two incidents show justice and mercy combined.  It would not have been just to severely punish someone who was out of his mind with alcohol for mere verbal insults, and in the case of Michael Williams, Henry V did, after all, encourage him to speak frankly about feelings towards him and the battle.            

There is, however, a dramatic collision between justice and mercy in the case of the execution of Bardolf, a scene painful for the reader who has come to have some affection for the character.  We that admire Henry V find ourselves hoping that it is painful for him, too, but there is no indication of this in the scene when he reacts to the report of Fluellen:            

We should have all such offenders cut off. And            
we give express charge that in our marches through the            
country there be nothing compelled from the villages,            
nothing taken but paid for; none of the French up-            
braided or abused in disdainful language; for when            
lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentler            
gamester is the soonest winner (Henry V. III. vi. 103-109).  

It is sections like these that cause people to interpret Henry V as cruel and calculating. There is no sympathy expressed here for the death of his friend, and his reaction is also quite perfunctory.  Immediately after, he turns to speak with the herald Montjoy.  Even his talk about gentleness can be view as a tactical calculation.  Since he plans to rule over the French villagers, it is more likely that they will be pacified if they were treated well by the English army.            

However, there is a more positive interpretation that I lean towards.  Henry is put into a position where he is almost forced to execute Bardolf.  The Duke of Exeter has already, under Henry's orders, arrested and sentenced Bardolf.  Henry cannot stop the execution without overturning his own command and during a public situation at that. To do so would have a very negative effect on troop discipline. Also, Henry's disguised visit to Pistol in Act IV. I. before the battle of Agincourt, where he says he's "a friend" when questioned by Pistol, shows that Bardolf and his former companions are very much on his mind.            

It also can be argued convincingly that the execution is a just act.  Commands must be applied uniformly to be just, and Bardolf has endangered the entire army by provoking the civilian population of France.  There is then a utilitarian argument to be made for the justice of the act.  The death of Bardolf will result in fewer deaths for the rest of the English army, and the increased military discipline will reduce the suffering of French civilians. The concern for French villagers may, therefore, be real, as well as being a good tactical strategy (Henry V. III. vi. 103-109).

However, if the successful leadership of Henry V is to be judged by his competence as a military commander, with either of the above interpretations - the act of execution as an exercise in a cold calculation or as a necessary act of justice done with personal regret – the end result is the same. Army discipline will be increased, and the successful conquering of France will be made more likely.            

The three plays discussed here can be viewed as a complete whole, and the evolution of the complex personality of Henry V from a dissolute youth to a great leader is psychologically plausible.  Most critics seem to agree with the attitude of the characters of Henry IV and others that Henry V's youth has been wasted.  Here, I hope to have explained that valuable lessons can be learned from such a life and not just of the cautionary - example type.  Many readers feel that Henry V admirably balances justice and mercy, even if with must view the slaughtering of the prisoners at Agincourt and his terrifying threats at  Harfleur as aberrations in character done under extreme stress.  In the end, though, we want the English to win these battles fought so many hundreds of years ago, and this is a testament to Henry V's remarkable charism.

An Analysis of the Budget of Tooele City and Its Economic Future (2014)

Demographics:

Tooele City’s population is estimated to be 33,762 by July 1, 2016,[1] and is expected to increase to 75,545 by 2050.[2] The median age is 29.2, about a year younger than the median age of the state of Utah. Of residents 25 years or older, 92.1% have a high school degree or higher, 17.6% have a bachelor’s degree or higher, and 3.7% have graduate or professional degrees.

The estimated per capita income in 2012 was $20,967. The percentage of residents living in poverty was at 7.8%, a decrease from 10.2% in 2009.

The estimated median house or condo value in 2012 was $154,039, a 30% increase in value from 2000.  However, in 2012, the median value of these properties was 77% of the median values in Utah as a whole.[3] There is a 5.6% vacancy rate for houses.[4]

A 2007 Utah League of Cities and Town cluster analysis describes Tooele City as a “commercial center”. Commercial centers usually have established downtowns that function as retail centers for both the city and the surrounding communities.  They also are centers of residential property. Tooele City is included along with 16 other cities in the state as a commercial center.  These 17 cities together have a high average commercial property per capita of $6,133. Like other commercial centers, Utah, Tooele City has grown significantly in population.[5]

There are two major commercial property centers in Tooele City: the Ninigret Depot and the Peterson Industrial Depot. The latter includes Utah Fabrication, a heavy steel fabrication company, and 60 other tenants.[6] Tooele City’s employment base is strongly diversified in industry type. From 2008 through 2012, 16% of workers were employed in manufacturing, 15% in retail trade, 10% in construction, 10% in transportation and warehousing, 10% in public administration, 8% in professional, scientific and technical services, and 6% in other services.[7]

Revenue:

Tooele City’s revenue comes mostly from taxes, intergovernmental revenue, and charges for governmental services.

In FY 2013-2014, general sales and use taxes brought in revenue of $4,774,039. General property taxes raised $2,616,037. Franchise taxes amounted to $1,741,918, and the mobile phone tax amounted to $523,811. Other taxes totaled $476,284.[8] As of 2010, Tooele City’s total sales tax rate was 6.35% and its property tax rate was .002111.[9]

Most of Tooele City’s intergovernmental revenue involved road construction. Exactly $2,000,000 came from a grant from the state road fund. A Class "C" Road Fund allotment and interest on that fund amounted to $1,594,476.

The top three charges for public services were for parks and other public property, zoning and subdivision fees, and cemeteries.  These charges raised $733,647, $127,913, and $75,430, respectively.  Other charges for public services totaled $59,403.

Tooele City made substantial transfers to its general fund from other funds, taking $930,058 from the Storm Drain Fund, $400,000 from the Water Fund, and $522,890 from other funds. [10]

Expenditures:

Tooele’s largest expenditures fall under general government, public safety, and transportation and public improvements.

Mayor Dunlavy has described the FY 2014-2015 budget as balanced and conservative. There is no new major capital improvement project planned for this year.  Some ongoing projects include replacing the cemetery’s sprinkler system. 

Tooele City will be giving a 3% cost of living raise to the city’s employees.  An increase of 4% in the cost of the health plan for the employees has been absorbed by the city. A significant amount of unfunded mandates from the state for retirement will be included in the budget. [11]

External Regional Factors:  Some Notes on the Economic Future of Tooele County and Tooele City

Tooele County will be relying more on property taxes in the future.  After laying off dozens of county employees and after reductions in hazardous waste mitigation fee revenues and federal PILT payments, the Tooele County Commission approved last year what was described as a “massive” tax hike of 66%.  This was the county’s first tax hike in 27 years. [12] A couple of major companies are going to start operating in Tooele County. For Airgas, a maker of specialized gases, the Governor’s Office of Economic Development approved for the company in May of this year a post-performance Economic Development Tax Increment Finance incentive of $106,652 over the next ten years.   This is 20% of the net taxes Airgas is expected to pay over that period.  The state of Utah expects Airgas to employ 25 people full time.  Over the next ten years, this may lead to wages of $1,475,181. The state may also benefit from $462,998 in new state taxes over the 10 years. [13]

Outdoor retailer Cabela’s was also given a post-performance Economic Development Tax Increment Finance incentive of up to $693,198 in 2014.  It is hoped that Cabela’s will create 250 new jobs, pay over $30 million in wages over the next 10 years, and pay about $3.4 million in taxes during that time.[14] Cabela’s will be located in Tooele City’s Ninigret Depot, further strengthening the city as a commercial center.

In the most recent edition of Utah Business magazine, Gaylen Webb predicts that Tooele County will increasingly become an industrial zone because of “lots of available land, shovel-ready infrastructure, and a strong transportation grid.” This is partly an overflow effect from Salt Lake Valley being a commercial center but lacking land available for large-scale industrial development. The cost of land suitable for industrial development in Tooele County is less than half the cost of equivalent land in the Salt Lake Valley.[15]

There were great concerns after the U.S. military reduced its workforce at the Tooele Army Depot when the chemical weapons stored in the county were fully destroyed.[16]  However, space left by the military came under the control of a redevelopment agency, and private groups set up the Utah Industrial Depot in the area, later sold to the developer Ningret Group.  To my add my own note, although this particular economic problem seems to have been weathered, Tooele County still depends a great deal on Department of Defense spending and could have serious problems if there was ever a large decrease in the U.S. defense budget.

Another major industrial development in Tooele County is the Miller Business Park, located between Tooele City and Grantsville, with 900 acres of developable land. It is designed as a center for distribution, manufacturing, and motorsports. Grantsville also has plans for an industrial center north of the town.

Ninigret and Peterson Industrial Depots are within 10 miles of a major highway, and already have the necessary electrical infrastructure in place. [17]

[1] US Census Bureau, Quickfacts: Tooele City, Utah, (Washington, DC, 2016), Table, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/4976680,00.

[2]  Bateman, Mallory. “A Snapshot of 2050: An Analysis of Projected Population Change in Utah”. Salt Lake City: Utah Foundation, April 2014.  http://utahfoundation.net/uploads/rr720.pdf.

[3] City-Data. Tooele, Utah. 2012. Web. Retrieved 19 July 2014 from http://www.city-data.com/city/Tooele-Utah.html.

[4] City-Data. Tooele, Utah. 2014. Web.  Retrieved 20 July 2014 from http://www.city-data.com/housing/houses-Tooele-Utah.html.

[5] Utah League of Cities and Towns. Cluster Analysis. April 2007.  Retrieved 28 July 2014 from http://www.ulct.org/ulct/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2013/02/2007-Cluster-Analysis.pdf. 

[6] Tooele City. Demographics.  2012. Web.  Retrieved  19 July 2014 from http://tooelecity.org/city-departments/economic-development/demographics.

[7] City-Data. Tooele, Utah. 2012. Web. Retrieved 19 July 2014 from http://www.city-data.com/city/Tooele-Utah.html.

[8] Tooele City Corporation.  Adopted Budget Form. 19 June 2014.

[9] Tooele City. Demographics.  2012. Web.  Retrieved  21 July 2014 from http://tooelecity.org/city-departments/economic-development/demographic.

[10] Tooele City Corporation.  Adopted Budget Form. 19 June 2014.

[11] Tooele City Council and Tooele City Redevelopment Agency.  Business Meeting Minutes. 18 June 2014.

[12] KNRS. “Tooele County Commission Approves Massive Property Tax Increase”. 21 August 2013

[13] Utah Governor’s Office of Economic Development. “Airgas to Build New Specialty Gas Production Facility in Tooele County”.  8 May 2014.

[14] Utah Governor’s Office of Economic Development.  “Specialty Retailer Elevates Outdoor Products in Utah.”  9 January 2014.

[15] Webb, Gaylen.  “Tooele is a Hidden Gem to the West of Oquirrh Mountains.” Utah Business 31 July 2014.

[16] Moulten, Kristen. “Work Winds Down at Tooele County’s Chemical Weapon Burn Plant.” Salt Lake Tribune 21 Nov. 2011.

[17] Webb, Gaylen.  “Tooele is a Hidden Gem to the West of Oquirrh Mountains.” Utah Business 31 July 2014.